@article { author = {Karimi Ahmadabad, Mostafa and Jafari, Mahnaz and Khoshakhlagh, Faramarz and Bazgir, Saeed}, title = {The role of transmitted moisture changes in occurrence of drought and wet years in Iran}, journal = {Physical Geography Research}, volume = {51}, number = {4}, pages = {545-562}, year = {2019}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-630X}, eissn = {2423-7760}, doi = {10.22059/jphgr.2019.244445.1007134}, abstract = {Introduction Atmospheric moisture resources affecting rainfall in a region are one of the most important issues in atmospheric sciences. In addition, understanding the mechanism of initiation and transfer of atmospheric moisture help know water cycle in a region. The main components of water cycle are the evaporation from land surface and oceans, transfer of water vapor from ocean to land, precipitation over oceans and lands and the recurrence of water from land to the ocean. Consequently, the percentage of moisture flow of a region and the amount of evaporated water could be assessed using atmospheric moisture flow and observed precipitation. Therefore, the effect of evaporation from water bodies and transfer of atmospheric moisture on precipitation could be determined by mechanism. The spatio-temporal variations of precipitation could be investigated by study of moisture fluctuation due to variations in atmospheric circulation in drought and wet patterns conditions. Therefore, in recent study the difference in atmospheric patterns of drought and wetness conditions, moisture flux and water resources can affect the transfer of moisture over Iran in various atmospheric levels. Materials and methods In this study, we have analyzed the data from the ERA interim center of Europe in medium-term forecasts (ECMWF) with a spatial resolution of 1 ° * 1 ° of geographical latitude and longitude for the period 1981-2011. Precipitation data have also been used in order to find the wet and drought patterns in Iran. Moreover, geo-potential height, specific humidity,  zonal and Meridional components of wind in 00 and 12 UTC of 1000, 850, 700, 500 and 300 hPa have been used for analysis of atmospheric moisture source. Standardized Z-Index has been used to determine drought and wet patterns over Iran and the percentage of occurrence of the patterns worked out yearly. The year with maximum percentage of occurrence of drought and wet periods is selected for further analysis. In next step, precipitation periods of selected years with precipitation values more than 1 mm and minimum 30 percent of affected area were determined for estimating contribution of water bodies in the periods. The total vertical divergence of moisture flux were calculated in 1 ° * 1 °  of geographical latitude and longitude  networks   in   lower, middle  and upper levels with total atmospheric thickness over Iran for selected years. In the next step, the positive and negative values of moisture flux of each network were derived for Iran and water bodies out of Iran, respectively. Finally, atmospheric circulation and specific humidity maps of precipitation periods of wet and drought years were   prepared and analyzed for 850, 700 and 500 hPa as a indicator of lower, middle and upper levels, respectively.  Results and discussion The results of calculation of Z-Index showed that the 1995-96 and 1999-2000 were determined as wet and drought years with 87.3 and 98.7 percents, respectively. The humidity flux and percentage of variations for all layers were more in wet year as compared to the drought year. The transfer of moisture in wet and drought periods was related to Arabian Sea over Iran. The Mediterranean and red seas were in the second order, Persian Gulf in the third order, and black Oman and Caspian seas in the next orders in both wet and drought periods. The Arabian and Caspian seas had no impact on moisture due to the flow patterns in middle atmospheric levels. Therefore, the Mediterranean Sea had the most contribution for transfer of moisture over Iran. In upper levels, the contribution of water resources in transferring the moisture was the same as the middle levels, although, the amount of moisture flux was changed. The results also revealed that the southern border of the country is the most important direction for the entering moisture, especially at lower atmospheric levels. It might be due to the fact that the southern water bodies and Arabian Sea are the main moisture sources at atmospheric lower levels. In overall, the atmospheric low levels played a significant role in transferring moisture in Iran at all directions and the atmospheric upper levels. Hence, the southern and western directions had more contribution to the process as compared to other directions.   Conclusion The results showed that the air flow pattern over the region and position of water bodies play a remarkable role for imported moisture variations over Iran. The moisture flux at wet period was more at all levels. In addition, Arabian Sea at atmospheric low level and Mediterranean Sea at medium and upper levels had more contribution for transferring moisture content in Iran. Moreover, the results showed that southern border were in first priority and western borders in second priority for importing moisture at atmospheric lower, medium and upper levels over Iran.}, keywords = {Drought,Humidity,Divergence of Humidity Flux,Standardized Z Index,Iran}, title_fa = {نقش تغییرات رطوبت انتقال‏ یافته در رخداد خشک ‏سالی و ترسالی ایران}, abstract_fa = {در این پژوهش به‏منظور بررسی نقش میزان شار رطوبت در نوسانات بارش ایران از داده‏های دوباره واکاوی‏شدةERA Interim مرکز پیش‏بینی‏های میان‏مدت اروپا با قدرت تفکیک مکانی 1 در 1 درجه در دورة آماری ۱۹۸۱-2011 بهره گرفته شده است. نخست، به‏منظور استخراج الگوهای مرطوب و خشک ایران، از شاخص استانداردشدة z استفاده شد و سالی که درصد مساحت رخداد دوره‏های فوق در آن‏ها بیشینه بود انتخاب گردید و محاسبات مجموع قائم واگرایی شار رطوبت در چهار لایة جوی در سطح و مرزهای ایران و همچنین سطوح آبی اطراف در دوره‏های منتخب اجرا و مقادیر رطوبت ورودی به ایران محاسبه و استخراج شد. طبق نتایج حاصله، مشخص شد که الگوی جریان حاکم در منطقه و سطوح آبی نقش قابل‏ملاحظه‏ای در تغییرات رطوبت جو ایران داشته است؛ به‏طوری‏که مقدار شار رطوبت جوی در همة لایه‏ها در سال آبی مرطوب بیشتر از سال خشک است. با توجه به الگوی جریان در لایه‏های مورد بررسی، دریای عرب در تراز زیرین و دریای مدیترانه در ترازهای میانی و بالایی جو در سال مرطوب بیشترین سهم را در انتقال رطوبت به ایران دارا می‏باشند. همچنین، مرزهای جنوبی در سه لایة زیرین، میانی، و بالایی جو در مرتبة اول و مرزهای غربی در مرتبة بعدی اهمیت به لحاظ مسیر ورود رطوبت به ایران قرار دارند.}, keywords_fa = {ایران,ترسالی,خشک‏سالی,شاخص استانداردشدة z,واگرایی شار رطوبت}, url = {https://jphgr.ut.ac.ir/article_74868.html}, eprint = {https://jphgr.ut.ac.ir/article_74868_f8cc961f3ba2bf87827e5d37e8a22e3c.pdf} } @article { author = {Zarei, Kobra and Mohammadi, Hosein and Bazgeer, Saeid}, title = {Simulation of Gorgan Synoptic Station Temperature and Precipitation with RCP Scenarios}, journal = {Physical Geography Research}, volume = {51}, number = {4}, pages = {563-579}, year = {2019}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-630X}, eissn = {2423-7760}, doi = {10.22059/jphgr.2019.280943.1007378}, abstract = {Introduction The Earth's climate has been constantly changing throughout the planet history. The industrial revolution and human intervention in the environment in the recent decades made special conditions for rising global temperature. Increase in Earth's temperature has modified the climatic balance by which widespread climate changes have been occurred on the Earth's surface. To study the effects of climate change on different systems in future, the climate variables should be initially simulated. There are various methods for simulating climatic variables; the most prudent of them is the use of the outputs of atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (AO- GCMs). Since these models can simulate climatic variables in large spatial and temporal scales, to use these simulated variables in smaller scales, the output of these models should be scaled down by various techniques. The microscopic statistical method, including the SDSM model, has more advantages, especially when it comes to lower costs and quick assessment of the factors affecting climate change. Method and methods The purpose of this study is to predict climate change by the SDSM model using the CanESM2 Climate Change Output based on RCP8.5, RCP4.5, RCP2.6 climate change scenarios for the coming periods of 2040-2011, 2070-2041, and 2100- 2071, as well as to study the annual trend of these changes using the Man-Kendall test and the age-related slope estimator. For this purpose, daily data of rainfall and temperature parameters during the statistical period (1981-2010) were collected from the Meteorological Organization. Using Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM), these climatic parameters were simulated in a monthly scale and compared with the base period (1981-2010). In the SDSM model three types of data are used for the microscopic metering. Working with this model is briefly summarized as follows: 1) Preparing predictive data and large scale predictors, 2) quality control of data and conversion (for precipitation data), 3) selection of the best predictor variables, 4) calibrating the model, 5) production of weather forecasting using observational predictors, 6) statistical analysis 7) graphical output of model 8) production of climate scenarios using model climate predictors. Results and discussion     According to the results, it was found that during the 21st century the temperature in the station of Gorgan has increasing trend and precipitation has decreasing trend. In three scenarios RCP8.5, RCP4.5, RCP2.6 there is a decrease in rainfall in the two periods of near future (2040-2011), and the middle (2041-2070) from February to August and in the distant future period (2071-2100) from December to August. The highest precipitation decline occurs in the near future period in June, July and August, with 19.1, 20.9, and 20 mm, and in the middle and the distant future period in May from 28.8 till 47.15 mm. Generally, in all the scenarios, as we move towards the end of the 21st century, the average rainfall will be reduced, and the decrease in the RCP 8.5 scenario is more than the other two scenarios. Given temperature conditions, the general trend of temperature variables in future periods is consistent with the trend of these variables in the base period, with the difference that the temperature will increase slightly in the winter and spring until mid-summer, but from late summer to late fall it will experience a decrease. In the upcoming period, at first the temperatures will be higher in June and in the upcoming mid and in later periods it will be higher in May than that in other months. Moreover, moving from the near future towards the end of the century, the temperature will increase. The augmentation in the RCP 8.5 scenario is more than those of the two other scenarios. However, with the annual precipitation rate, RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios are meaningful and decreasing. In the case of maximum, minimum and mean temperature variations, there is a significant increase. Also, the precipitation drop and temperature rise in the end of the century. The values in the RCP 8.5 scenario are more than those of RCP 2.6 and RCP 4.5 scenarios.   Conclusion   In this research, the simulation of climatic parameters of temperature and precipitation was carried out using several linear models of SDSM and general atmospheric circulation models in Gorgan. The output of the CanESM2 model was simulated under RCP8.5, RCP4.5, RCP2.6 scenarios for subsequent periods in 21 steps. The results showed that temperature data show better correlation with observation data (compared with rainfall data). According to the results, it was found that during the 21st century the temperature and the precipitation would have increasing and decreasing trends, respectively. At Gorgan Station, in the three scenarios RCP8.5, RCP4.5, RCP2.6, in the two near future (2040-2011) and mid-term (2041-2070) from February to August and in the distant future period (2071-2100) between December and August, we observe a decline in rainfall. The highest precipitation values is in the period in June, July and August, at 19.1, 20.9, and 20 mm, and in the middle and long distances in each of the three scenarios it is from May 28.8 to 47.15 mm.  In general, in all scenarios the average rainfall will be reduced, as we move towards the end of the 21st century.  This decrease in the scenario RCP 8.5 is more than that of the other two scenarios. Regarding temperature variables, the general trend of the variables in future periods is consistent with the trend of these variables in the base period, with the difference that the temperature increased slightly in the winter and spring until mid-summer but with decrease from late summer to late fall. In the upcoming period, the higher temperatures will be more frequent in June and in the upcoming mid and later periods in May than in other months. Also, in the near future towards the end of the century, the temperature will increase higher. This increase the temperatur in the RCP 8.5 scenario is more than those of two other scenarios. It can also be argued that the increase in temperature and precipitation in the spring and summer and the rising rainfall in the autumn seems to be favorable for planning of water resources, and in particular, the planning for the agricultural sector. The trends and drought conditions should be regarded environmental management in order to minimize the potential negative effects of climate change in the study area.}, keywords = {Precipitation,climate change,temperature,SDSM}, title_fa = {پیش‌بینی عناصر اقلیمی دما و بارش ایستگاه سینوپتیک گرگان براساس سناریوهای RCP}, abstract_fa = {هدف از این پژوهش پیش‏بینی مقادیر‏ عناصر اقلیمی دما و بارش ایستگاه سینوپتیک گرگان با مدل ریز‏مقیاس‏نمایی SDSM و با استفاده از خروجی مدل تغییر اقلیم CanESM2 بر پایة سناریوهای تغییر اقلیم  RCP 2.6, 4.5, 8.5برای دوره‏های آینده 20۱۱- 20۴۰، 20۴۱- 20۷۰1، و 20۷۱- 2۱۰0 و نیز بررسی روند سالانة این تغییرات با استفاده از آزمون من- کندال است. نتایج خروجی مدل در دورة آیندة نزدیک و میانی از ماه فوریه تا آگوست و در آیندة دور از ماه دسامبر تا آگوست کاهش میزان بارش تا 47.15 میلی‏متر در ایستگاه سینوپتیک گرگان را نشان می‏دهد. همچنین، میزان دمای بیشینه از 4/0 تا ۳۳/۱ درجة سانتی‏گراد، دمای کمینه از 15/0 تا 8/0 درجة سانتی‏گراد و دمای میانگین بین 18/0 تا 89/0 درجة سانتی‏گراد در هر سه سناریو رو به افزایش خواهد بود. از نظر روند سالانة بارش در سناریو‏های RCP 4.5 و RCP 8.5 معنادار و کاهشی و در مورد عنصر‏های دما این روند معنادار و افزایشی خواهد بود.}, keywords_fa = {بارش,تغییر اقلیم,دما,ریز‏مقیاس‏ نمایی,سناریو‏های RCP‏,گرگان}, url = {https://jphgr.ut.ac.ir/article_74869.html}, eprint = {https://jphgr.ut.ac.ir/article_74869_dc2f19fb69a46471d42b368a69c328b2.pdf} } @article { author = {Parvin, Mansor}, title = {Zoning the Areas Susceptible to Urban Development with Emphasis on Geomorphological Limitations and Hazards (Case Study: Kermanshah City)}, journal = {Physical Geography Research}, volume = {51}, number = {4}, pages = {581-595}, year = {2019}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-630X}, eissn = {2423-7760}, doi = {10.22059/jphgr.2019.267054.1007282}, abstract = {Introduction Urbanization and urban development are one of the most important aspects of human civilization, which leads to the transformation of the environment (Ronald, 1973, 5). Urban development occurs in the context of geomorphologic landforms. The geomorphologic hazards and restrictions influence the urban development process and, if not carefully studied, would have detrimental financial consequences on human societies. Cities in the developing world have grown dramatically in the past several decades, with the size of the city of Kermanshah rising sevenfold over the course of four decades. Given geomorphology of the Navidisi Plain of Kermanshah, the city has serious geomorphological limitations for urban physical development. Therefore, zoning and recognizing the areas susceptible to physical development with a geomorphological approach can be the basis for urban development plans and it can lead to proper planning of civil engineering and scientific management of the city. The purpose of this research is to identify the areas susceptible to physical development in Kermanshah city in the future. Materials and methods In this research, at first, the physical development in Kermanshah city over 4 decades was determined with the use of Landsat satellite images related to the sensors of MSS and OLI of using the supervised classification method. The map of zoning the areas susceptible to physical development in Kermanshah city using fuzzy model is based on topographic slope parameters, altitude, distance from main faults and sub faults, distance from main waterway, the submarine, lithology, geomorphologic landforms and distance from the city center. The final zoning map of the areas susceptible to physical development in Kermanshah city has been investigated based on land use restrictions. Results and discussion    Analysis of the urban districts of Kermanshah during the years 1977 and 2017 shows that physical development occurred irregularly in all directions and the city highly physically developed in the northern part of the city between the Ghareh Souz and the highlands of Ankhebahestan. The physical development of Kermanshah city in the last four decades was subject to topographic conditions. The areas in the southern, southwest, and southeastern directions have limited the physical development of Kermanshah to other areas. The physical development of the city over the past 40 years has not followed a particular order. After the fuzzy membership layers are prepared, the nine parameters have been overlaid using the gamma operator 0.8 as the best fitting coefficient and a map was developed of the physical development of Kermanshah. The map was divided into five classes using natural fractures. Four classes with unsuitable condition represent more than half of the study area and the appropriate classes include about 26% of the area.  Conclusion Inappropriate areas include the highlands of Prao-Bisotun in the north part of the city, the White Mountain in the south part of the city and the area around the Qara-Ansu River in the Kermanshah plain. The inappropriateness of mountainous regions is due to the outcrops of limestone formations, slopes and altitudes, the presence of the main and secondary faults, and the activation geological processes. The urban expansion limits by the Qar-e-Sou River is due to the loose river sediments, the risk of flooding and the existence of the original Qara-Sos fault. The mountainous areas are also not suitable for physical development due to the presence of topographical and lithological limitations. Suitable areas can be suggestedfor alluvial plain with appropriate topographic conditions and outcrops of quaternary deposits and a suitable distance from faults and drainage networks. The area of the zones suitable for urban development after land use interference and the distance from the city is about 50 square kilometers. Given the appropriate distance from faults and waterways in suitable topographic areas and mainly on quaternary deposits is located in the alluvand plain in the west and east Kermanshah. Finally, it can be argured that the current range of the city of Kermanshah, as well as the surrounding areas due to geomorphologic conditions, has the risk of destructive hazards over the past few decades. The physical development of Kermanshah has occurred with no regard to these restrictions. Therefore, a comprehensive plan for the high risk areas of Kermanshah city has been developed and then proposed areas for the urban development of the city is presented according to the socio-economic conditions.}, keywords = {zoning,urban development,geomorphologic hazards,Kermanshah City,fuzzy model}, title_fa = {پهنه‏ بندی مناطق مستعد توسعه شهری با تأکید بر محدودیت‏ ها و مخاطرات ژئومورفولوژیکی (مطالعه موردی: شهر کرمانشاه)}, abstract_fa = {شهر کرمانشاه، به‏عنوان بزرگ‏ترین شهر غرب کشور، در پهنه‏های دشت پُرمخاطرة کرمانشاه واقع شده و در بازة زمانی 46ساله مساحت آن حدود 7 برابر شده و حدود 87 کیلومترمربع به تصرف شهر درآمده است. این توسعة فیزیکی بدون اجرای مطالعات ژئومورفولوژیکی و درنظرگرفتن محدودیت‏ها و مخاطرات ناشی از آن بوده است. ازاین‏رو، شناسایی مناطق مستعد توسعة فیزیکی با درنظرگرفتن محدودیت‏ها و مخاطرات ژئومورفولوژیکی امری لازم در توسعة شهری کرمانشاه است. هدف از پژوهش حاضر شناسایی مناطق مناسب برای توسعة فیزیکی شهر کرمانشاه براساس شرایط ژئومورفولوژیکی منطقه است. در این پژوهش با استفاده از مدل فازی نقشة پهنه‏بندی نهایی توسعة شهری براساس نُه پارامتر مؤثر تهیه شد. سپس، این نقشه‏ براساس شرایط ژئومورفولوژیکی و کاربری اراضی دشت کرمانشاه ارزیابی و مناطق مستعد توسعة شهری پیشنهاد ‏شد. نتایج نشان می‏دهد توسعة فیزیکی شهر کرمانشاه در طی چهار دهة گذشته تابع شرایط توپوگرافی بوده و مخاطرات و محدودیت‏های ژئومورفولوژیکی بسیار زیادی در محدودة مورد مطالعه وجود دارد؛ به‏طوری‏که 65 درصد مساحت منطقه برای توسعة شهری مناسب نیست. مناطق مساعد با حدود 50 کیلومتر مربع در دشت آبرفتی در غرب و شرق شهر کرمانشاه واقع شده‏اند.}, keywords_fa = {پهنه‏ بندی,توسعة شهری,شهر کرمانشاه,مخاطرات ژئومورفولوژیکی,مدل فازی}, url = {https://jphgr.ut.ac.ir/article_74870.html}, eprint = {https://jphgr.ut.ac.ir/article_74870_3d3c45e27d92222a448cbe8ada181537.pdf} } @article { author = {Esmaeili, Reza and Salehi, Maryam}, title = {Quantitative and Morphological Analysis of Longitudinal Profile of Northern Alborz Rivers in Mazandaran Province}, journal = {Physical Geography Research}, volume = {51}, number = {4}, pages = {597-611}, year = {2019}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-630X}, eissn = {2423-7760}, doi = {10.22059/jphgr.2019.281486.1007383}, abstract = {Introduction The longitudinal profile of river is one of the main components of the fluvial system. It is result from the interaction between lithology, tectonics, fluvial incision and base level change. The longitudinal profile of the rivers that are in a Equilibrium state have concave form, but several factors cause changes to the longitudinal profile of the river, including lowering base level, rock resistance, structural control, sediment input, non-fluvial processes, bed load effects, and human changes. Alborz Mountains are considered as one of the geomorphological zone of Iran, which geological, climatological and vegetation characteristics have created a special geographic landscape. In this study, longitudinal profiles of the northern Alborz rivers (Mazandaran province), as part of the Caspian Sea basin, have been investigated in this research. The aim of this research is to make a quantitative analysis of the longitudinal profile of the rivers in the region. Methods and material   The longitudinal profiles of 15 rivers in the northern Alborz were investigated by quantitative measures. The drainage network was extracted by the 12.5-m DEM and longitudinal profiles of the fifteen trunk channels were extracted using the ArcGIS 10.3. Geological maps were used to interpret lithology and fault distribution. The form of longitudinal profiles was measured by the concavity index (CI) and SLK index. The longitudinal gradient index (SL) was also calculated for each segment of the profiles. The concavity index was computed based on deviations from a straight line profile (Philips and Lutz, 2008). The SL Index analysis was performed with Hack's (1973) method. The SLK index for the longitudinal profile of the river was calculated by normalizing the distances in the horizontal axis and the elevation in the vertical axis. To normalize the values ​​(SLK), in the horizontal axis of the graph, the normalized distances are represented as (d / D), where d is the distance between the specific points along the longitudinal profile and D is the total length of the profile. In the vertical axis of normalized height (e / E) the e is the elevation of specific points along the longitudinal profile and E is the elevation difference between the beginning and the end of the longitudinal profile (Vojtco et al., 2012). The maximum amount of concavity along the SLK profile was determined as Zmax. Results and discussion The northern Alborz Rivers do not have smooth concave profiles and there are numerous knickpoints in their longitudinal profiles. In all cases, the best fit (R2) of regression has been matched with polynomial equations of degrees 2, 3 and 4.  The coefficient of determination of these regression equations was very high (>0.96). Some of the rivers such as Kheyrood, Kojur and Noor have a convex profile with concavity index of -4, -4, and -11, respectively. A number of other rivers such as Tajen, Babol, Sardabrood and Chalakrood with CI 8, 7.5, 9 and 8, respectively, have more concavity than other rivers. Based on the relative concavity index (CIrel), 20% of the longitudinal profile of the North Alborz in the convex form (CIrel <0), 53% had a relatively straight or very low concavity (0 0/005 km ^ (-1) and ( Critical inversion was investigated by the total inversion occurred and the severity of the inversions trends. The results of applying the Mann-Kendall test and the Sen’s Estimator Slope on the data of the severity of critical inversions in different months of the year showed that except for the months of October, November and December at the Mehrabad station, the rate of critical invertebrates was significant at 95 % level. For the rest of the months, the trend of severity of critical inversions has been increasing, but they are not significant at all levels of confidence. In February, the trend of inversion was decreasing in all three stations. Conclusion The results indicated that the radiation type inversion occurred in the period 2007-2017 at all three stations decreased significantly. Conversely, the subsidence inversion type showed a significant increase in all three stations. Radiation- Subsidence combined type had a significant increase in all three stations. It can be concluded that the types of inversion in the period of 2007-2017 have changed from pure inversion types to combine and multi-layer types and, specifically, to the Radiation- Subsidence type. The significance of the increasing trend of inversion layers was also confirmed by statistical tests. Despite the increasing trend of the inversions during the statistical period, this trend has not been significant at any confidence level. However, the intensity of inversions other than in the fall of Tehran station at other stations did not have a significant trend, although they have experienced a positive slope for many months. Several factors, including the release of high heat energy, the increase of greenhouse gases, as well as the increase in population and land use change, the change in surface evolution from heat transfer, pollutant emissions, evapotranspiration and land cover due to the impactof wind currents are considered as the reasons for this increased air stability in the boundary layer and the local climate change of these metropolises.}, keywords = {Temperature inversion trend,Inversion intensity,Tehran,Mashhad,Tabriz}, title_fa = {بررسی روند وارونگی‏ های دمایی کلان‏ شهرهای ایران (تهران، مشهد، و تبریز)}, abstract_fa = {هدف از این پژوهش بررسی روند وارونگی دمای لایة مرزی کلان‏شهرهای تهران، مشهد، و تبریز است. در این راستا، از داده‏های پیمایش قائم جو سال‏های 20۰7- 20۱7 ساعت صفر (00) ایستگاه‏های هواشناسی تهران، مشهد، و تبریز از پایگاه داده‏های اقلیمی وایومینگ استفاده شد. برای تعیین انواع وارونگی دما، نمودارهای تفی‏گرام داده‎های جو بالا با استفاده از نرم‏افزار RAOB ترسیم شد. سه نوع وارونگی تابشی، فرونشستی و جبهه‏ای به‏عنوان سه تیپ اصلی و چهار نوع دیگر به‏عنوان تیپ‏های ترکیبی متشکل از این سه نوع وارونگی مشخص و توزیع زمانی فراوانی و درصد هر یک از 7 تیپ وارونگی در هر ماه محاسبه شد. روند یازده‏سالة هر یک از تیپ‏های وارونگی با استفاده از روش ناپارامتریک من- کندال و تخمینگر شیب سن تعیین و مقایسه شد. نتایج نشان داد تیپ وارونگی تابشی در همة ایستگاه‏ها کاهش معنادار در سطح اطمینان 01/0 (Z>2.58) و برعکس وارونگی فرونشستی روند افزایشی معناداری در سطح اطمینان 05/0 (z>1.96) نشان داده است. از میان تیپ‏های ترکیبی، تیپ تابشی- فرونشستی روند افزایشی معنادار داشت. در مجموع، نوع تیپ‏های وارونگی در دورة 20۰7-20۱7 از تیپ‏های وارونگی خالص به تیپ‏های ترکیبی و چندلایه و به‏طور شاخص تیپ تابشی- فرونشستی تغییر یافته است.}, keywords_fa = {آزمون من- کندال,شدت وارونگی,شیب سن استیمیتور,وارونگی دما}, url = {https://jphgr.ut.ac.ir/article_74876.html}, eprint = {https://jphgr.ut.ac.ir/article_74876_615eaa5c7167fe42624fb39c60f7458c.pdf} } @article { author = {Salimi Sobhan, Mohammad Reza and Hejazizadeh, Zahra and Sayadi, Fariba and Qadri, Fatemeh}, title = {Synoptic Analysis and Identification of Hail Flow Days in Western Iran (Case Study: Zab Basin, West Azerbaijan)}, journal = {Physical Geography Research}, volume = {51}, number = {4}, pages = {715-731}, year = {2019}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-630X}, eissn = {2423-7760}, doi = {10.22059/jphgr.2019.277908.1007354}, abstract = {Introduction Hail is considered as one of the most important atmospheric hazards as a consequence of a thunderstorm having harmful effects on the environment every year. Hailstorms usually occur from the clouds of cumulonimbus and are often thunderstorms and generally accompanied by thunderstorms, especially in spring. In general, hail is the product of intense convection found in a thunderstorm. To analyze and predict the mechanisms of each climatic phenomenon, one needs to have a detailed understanding of the main components of its climatic systems. Since hail in the Zab basin annually causes significant damages, especially in agriculture and livestock, the aim of this study is to investigate the synoptic patterns of hail in the Zab basin in order to reduce the damaging effects. The climatic phenomenon is on different parts.   The Zab Minor catchment in northwestern and northwest part of Kurdistan Province, southwestern Iran,  consists of Piranshahr, Sardasht and Baneh counties. Material and methods In this study, an environmental circulation approach was used to identify the circulation patterns of the days associated with hail in the west of the country. In this study, the code of days associated with the hail of Sardasht, Piranshahr and Baneh synoptic stations (with the longest statistical period between provincial stations) was obtained from the establishment (1992) up to year 2016 from the Meteorological Organization of Iran and then according to the code. The intensity of days associated with the hail event was identified during the study period. To identify large-scale synoptic patterns of day-event hail phenomena, hectopascal altitude and sea-level pressure data from open NCEP / NCAR analysis data on daytime events ranging from 0 ° C to 120 ° C and 0 ° C to 90 ° N They were prepared. Also, to determine the moisture flux of hail event days, Schulz and Benacus moisture flux equation was used. Results and discussion The purpose of this study is to establish an appropriate classification of atmospheric patterns in relation to hail events and the climatic characteristics that cause them in the Zab Basin. Using the NCEP / NCAR Center data, it is possible to analyze synoptically and identify the circulation patterns that coincide with these events. Cluster analysis of sea level pressure and geopotential height data revealed three weak, moderate and severe circulation patterns associated with hail precipitation. Finally, in order to identify the most important systems, intra-group correlation was performed between each cluster, and the day that had the highest correlation with other days in one cluster was selected as the representative day of the circulation pattern of the cluster and the basis of this study was analyzed. Conclusion In the study of the synoptic patterns of hail precipitation according to the obtained results, the model best justified the hail precipitation is presented for the Zab basin. In the first model, with low hail precipitation, we observed a contrast between warm and humid low-pressure Sudan systems and high-pressure European cold tabs on the study area. In the second pattern at sea level with the formation of a low pressure center on Iraq, this low pressure is reinforced by the development of warm and humid air through the Sudanese system and the formation of a high-pressure belt across the northern Iranian strip, which, with its rotation and rotation, drives cold air. The study area has provided conditions for frontalisation in the area. In the third model, Sudan's low sea level is strengthened so that its tongues stretch to the northwest and northwest Iran, which inject hot and humid air and create convergence conditions over the study area. The Siberian high pressure on the north of Iran is also at its peak, and its tabs and motions cause very cold air to fall over the study area, and in this case the very cold northern and warm southern humid conditions make for the front. The region created instability due to the specual circumstances. Previous research on hail precipitation or only the role of Sudanese high or low pressure northern Sudan in hail precipitation events has shown that hail precipitation in western Iran necessitates confrontation of air masses. The cold north is warm and humid south and the strongest hailstorms occurred when these air masses penetrated the study area at peak times and created conditions for overburden and instability with the help of high-level currents. They cause severe vertical motions in the atmosphere and, as a result, hail over the region.}, keywords = {synoptic analysis,Northern Highlands,Mediterranean Nave,Hail precipitation,Zab Basin}, title_fa = {تحلیل همدیدی و شناسایی شار رطوبت روزهای همراه با تگرگ در غرب ایران (مطالعه موردی: حوضه آبریز زاب، آذربایجان غربی)}, abstract_fa = {هدف از این پژوهش طبقه‏بندیِ مناسبِ الگوهای جوی مرتبط با وقایع تگرگ و ویژگی‏های اقلیم‏شناختی مسبب آن‏ها در حوضة زاب است. بنابراین، از داده‏های ایستگاهی (کدهای ۲۷-۸۷-۹۶ الی ۹۹ از ۱۰۰ کد مربوط به هوای حاضر) بارش تگرگ سه ایستگاه همدید حوضة زاب طی دورة ۲۴ساله (۲۰۱۶-۱۹۹۲) استفاده شد. همچنین، با استفاده از داده‏های پایگاه NCEP/NCAR، به واکاوی الگوهای گردشی مقارن با این رخدادها اقدام شد. با تحلیل خوشه‏ایِ داده‏های فشار تراز دریا و ارتفاع ژئوپتانسیل (۵۰۰ هکتوپاسکال)، سه الگوی گردشی مرتبط با بارش تگرگ شناسایی شد؛ از جمله ۱. تقویت سامانة کم‏فشار سودان؛ ۲. تقویت پُرفشارهای اروپایی و سیبری؛ ۳. قرارگیری منطقه بر روی شرق ناوة مدیترانه. سپس، با اجرای همبستگی درون‏گروهی بین هر خوشه روزی که بیشترین همبستگی را با سایر روزها داشت روز نمایندة الگوی گردشی آن خوشه انتخاب شد و مبنای واکاوی پژوهش واقع گردید.}, keywords_fa = {بارش تگرگ,پُرفشارهای شمالی,تحلیل همدید,حوضه زاب,ناوه مدیترانه}, url = {https://jphgr.ut.ac.ir/article_74877.html}, eprint = {https://jphgr.ut.ac.ir/article_74877_a3690f83ccecf0acda80df5489539917.pdf} } @article { author = {Rahdan Mofrad, Mohammad and Ramesht, Mohammad Hossein and Saffari, Amir}, title = {Co-citation Analysis of Human-Environment Relationship in Geomorphology from 1970 to 2018}, journal = {Physical Geography Research}, volume = {51}, number = {4}, pages = {733-760}, year = {2019}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-630X}, eissn = {2423-7760}, doi = {10.22059/jphgr.2019.290658.1007447}, abstract = {Introduction Geography has always been based on the three basic elements of human, the environment and the relationship between them. Depending on what the concept of man has been in different eras, it has led to the formation of numerous approaches such as classical geography, regional, spatial and phenomenological. However, the introduction of a systematic approach to geography had many implications including the formation of the human ideal which is called "sustainable development", and led to the participation of different branches of environmental science in sharing and providing solutions for achieving sustainable development. A review of past research shows that Geomorphology has a closer look at the relationship between humans and the environment. It should, therefore, be examined that what has Geomorphology to offer the global environmental change debate and how might this contribution be framed. To answer this statement, the views of scientists must be examined through the process of research related to the relationship between man and the environment during the short life of geomorphological knowledge and this is exactly what was used in this study with the help of CiteSpace software for citation analysis. Using this method, we can examine the relationships between the factors influencing the production of a particular research along with its historical trends in explaining the intellectual structures of knowledge. The purpose of the present study is to use the data available in the Web Of Science database and CiteSpace software to analyze researchers spatially and temporally; Clustering strategic keywords with the help of indicators such as centrality and finally, examining the thoughts of influential researchers in each cluster in order to understand the scientific structure of knowledge in the field of human-environment relationship in geomorphology Material and Methods In this study, CiteSpace software was used for statistical analysis of scientific citation data. Thus, in the first step, all the researches from 1970 to 2018 were extracted through web filtering (CiteSpace raw data provider) and after monitoring, a set of 456 articles was obtained. After entering this data into the software, charts of the quantities of articles and citations, journals and active countries/institutes, burst-detection, country/institute co-citation maps and co-author map were prepared for further analysis. Then, the present research period was categorized into seven clusters by calculating the centrality of keywords and using the year of production of each word. Each cluster that encompasses a specific time period was analyzed with the help of parameters such as the number of research and citations, the most strategic keywords, the most cited and most famous authors, the external scientific influencers factors, the relationship of other keywords to the strategic word in the tf-idf chart. It was also tried to study the trends of geomorphological knowledge in each of the clusters according to the domestic writers' research and comparing with the results obtained from CiteSpace software. Results and Discussion According to co-citation analyses, the leading geomorphology journal in terms of number of research and citation indexes among all the journals indexed in the WOS database indicates the importance of geomorphological knowledge in addressing the issue of human-environment communication among the various branches of environmental science. The analysis of the distribution of countries and institutes in relation to the research shows that the results are consistent with the Pareto law. It can also be pointed out that countries' backgrounds influence their ranking as top countries in terms of number of studies although the results show that the research topic is more important for countries. According to the authors' co-citation map, the core of the researchers is made up of authors such as Phillips, Schumm, Goudie and Gregory. The results of comparing the Burst-detection and the In-network citation indicate a low citation among authors with high Burst-detection. Violation of this rule in the case of Schumm shows that in addition to presenting a new idea, he has remained an important citation index throughout the entire period studied. Keyword analysis shows that "Geomorphology, climate change and Holocene" have the highest frequency, "Geomorphology and vegetation" have the highest sustainability and "environmental change, climate change and human impact" have the most Burst-detection. The centrality index also identified the most strategic words that resulted in the clustering of the entire research period into seven clusters to identify the scientific structure of knowledge in the present study. Conclusion According to the information obtained until 2000, the focus of most geomorphologists was on geomorphology knowledge as a general trend of environmental science research that was most influenced by global conferences on climate and human environment. The geomorphologists' systematic view is quite evident in order to provide a solution to the issues between the landscape and human impact in the second period between 2000 and 2002. Co-citation studies in 2002-2003 suggest a new approach to solving problems in human-environment interactions under the heading of combined geo-ecological research in geomorphological knowledge. In the fourth period, in 2003-2005, geomorphologists have used the fluvial Geomorphology-related topics to better illustrate human impacts on the environment. In the next period (2005-2008) was made a rethinking of the geo-archeological studies of ancient times and early humans. Also a common point of most research in this period is the use of river/sedimentary Geomorphology and vegetation data which includes the strategic keywords of the previous period (2005-2003) and the next period (2009-2008) respectively. Because of the use of the sediment keyword and thus a more specialized perspective at environmental protection, the sixth period can be cited as a turning point in determining the extent of geomorphologists' involvement in human-environment research. In the last period, the 'Environmental Change' strategic keywords remained unchanged for 9 years (unlike all six previous periods in the 17 years ending 2009 with 35 strategic keywords) which shows that geomorphologists have reached an agreement in human and environmental research. And more importantly, it may be the answer to the basic question in the introduction to this study; what has geomorphology conducted to offer the global environmental change debate? and how might this contribution be framed in the field?}, keywords = {Human,geomorphology,environment,Citespace,WOS}, title_fa = {بررسی و آنالیز هم‏ استنادی رابطه انسان و محیط در حوزه ژئومورفولوژی از 1970 تا 2018}, abstract_fa = {رابطة‏ انسان و محیط در سال‏های اخیر معطوف به تغییرات محیطی و تعریف توسعة پایدار بوده است. اکنون باید دید سهم ژئومورفولوژیست‏ها در بحث تغییرات محیطی و انسان چقدر بوده است. برای تحقق این هدف، با تشکیل جامعة آماری مرکب از 456 مقاله از پایگاه استنادی WOS، طی سال‏های 1970 تا 2018، به تجزیه و تحلیل کتاب‏شناختی با هدف علم‏سنجی دانش ژئومورفولوژی با کمک نرم‏افزار Citespace مبادرت شد. نتایج به‏دست‏آمده نشان می‏دهد که فلیپس، شوم، گوودی، و گریگوری هستة مرکزی محققان را شکل داده و کلیدواژه‏های «ژئومورفولوژی، تغییرات اقلیمی، و هولوسن» بیشترین تکرار، «ژئومورفولوژی و پوشش گیاهی» بیشترین پایایی، و «تغییر محیطی، تغییرات اقلیمی، و اثر انسان» دارای بیشترین مقدار شاخص شکوفایی هستند. همچنین، خوشه‏بندی روند فکری ژئومورفولوژیست‏ها از تحلیل شاخص مرکزیتنشان می‏دهد که آن‏ها هفت مرحلة فکری را پشت سر گذارده‏اند. این مراحل عبارت است از گرایش کلی ‏‏پژوهش‏ها به علوم محیطی؛ به‏کارگیری دیدگاه سیستمی در ارائة راه‏حل‏ها؛ تمرکز بر ژئواکولوژی؛ گرایش به ژئومورفولوژی رودخانه‏ای؛ چرخش مطالعات به زمین‏باستان‏شناسی؛ تخصصی‏ترشدن متدولوژی‏های تحقیق؛ مبنا قرارگرفتن تغییرات محیطی به‏ویژه در نُه سال منتهی به 2018 به‏عنوان موضوع مورد توافقِ بیشتر ‏‏‏‏پژوهش‏های مرتبط با انسان و محیط.  }, keywords_fa = {انسان,ژئومورفولوژی,محیط,Citespace,WOS}, url = {https://jphgr.ut.ac.ir/article_74878.html}, eprint = {https://jphgr.ut.ac.ir/article_74878_b8ef7129ae26de222cfe46f344f6c5a7.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {English Abstracts}, journal = {Physical Geography Research}, volume = {51}, number = {4}, pages = {1-28}, year = {2019}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-630X}, eissn = {2423-7760}, doi = {10.22059/jphgr.2019.79411}, abstract = {}, keywords = {}, title_fa = {چکیده های انگلیسی}, abstract_fa = {}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {https://jphgr.ut.ac.ir/article_79411.html}, eprint = {https://jphgr.ut.ac.ir/article_79411_de71d427e3f3d18633d8412a7b2d4b2a.pdf} }