Estimation, statistical packages, R software, dust, Sum-metric model, East of Iran

Extended Abstract
Introduction
In studies by the World Meteorological Organization, winds with speeds of more than 15 meters per second (30 knots) and horizontal visibility below 1000 meters are known as dust storms. This is based on the Beaufort scale in the hurricane group and such storms can move particles with a length of more than 500 microns. In this case, the sandstorm settles for short distances, but the dust travels long distances in the form of suspended or fine dust.When the wind speed reaches 7 meters per second or less, it only has the power to move particles less than 20 microns long, and the rest of the storm is scattered in the air in the form of suspended particles or dust. Evidence shows that dust is increasing in the eastern regions of Iran. Consequently, on April 25, 2015, the amount of pollution in Mashhad reached 55 micrograms per cubic meter in 24 hours and, was alert. In the first six months of 2016, the cities of Tabas, Nehbandan, and Birjand had the highest number of dusty days with, 45, 29,and 27 days, respectively. The wind speed in Yazd had similar conditions, which reached 96 km / h on July 22, 2015, while it was 70 km / h in Kerman on February 20, 2015. In Zabol, the cost of respiratory diseases caused by dust from 1999 to 2004 is estimated at more than 70 million dollars. Considering the frequency of dust phenomenon in the eastern regions of Iran and the importance of spatial-temporal analysis and its prediction was suggested.
 
Materials and methods
The study area is located between 52 to 64 degrees longitude and 24 to 38 degrees latitude in the east of the country, which includes the provinces of Khorasan Razavi, South Khorasan, Sistan-Baluchestan, Kerman, and Yazd. Therefore, to estimate the number of dusty days, the statistics of 57 meteorological stations and the elements of wind speed of 15 meters per second and more, horizontal visibility of less than of 1000 meters from the statistical period of 1/1/1987 to 31/3/2017 were used.It was then considered for the forming of the m × n matrix and statistical matching for years without NA statistics. In the next phase, utilizing several software packages, including gstat, spacetime, SP, raster, spdep, RgoogleMaps, tseries, maptools, plm, randtest, and R the necessary programming was done next, all marginal variogram models, including Gaussian, spherical, linear, Bessel, exponential and Mattern were fitted separately with the experimental data model
 
Results and Discussion
The percentage of the number of monthly dust days indicates that the range of changes rises from 1.04% in October to 3.42% in March. This means that on average, in the study area, about 4% of the days in March were dusty.This month was chosen as the critical month for estimation.
The outputs revealed that the Sum-metric model, with the lowest mean squared error, has the best fit for estimating data. However, the experimental time variogram with an interval of 30 months shows that the gamma output values in the middle logs are closer, and the data are more interdependent, but their range is extended. In both variograms, the Partial Sill being more significant than the Nugget Effect has good conditions for model fit. Nevertheless, its spatial-temporal variogram shows that the estimated time will not be extended, and the data will move towards the average faster.
However, the four months were considered: March 2018, March 2019, March 2021, and March 2022.The results showed that no fundamental changes in the spatio-temporal distribution of data are seen from March 2018 onwards. Therefore, the variogram can only estimate March 2018.
Accordingly, the most critical estimated points for the number of dust days that have higher values in March 2018 are in 3 provinces, including: a) Khorasan Razavi, (Mashhad, Golmakan, and Fariman stations with three days, and cities of Quchan, Khaf, and Bardaskan with two days), b) Yazd province, (Abarkooh with four days ,and cities of Lalehzar, Eghlid, Bafgh, Meybod, Bahabad, and Harat with two days), c) Kerman province(Kerman station with three days, and Anar with two days), and d) Sistan and Baluchestan ( Zahedan with four days, Zabol, Mirjaveh, and Konarak with three days, and cities of Khash and Nusratabad with two days). Estimated values for March 2018 in South Khorasan Province show that these areas have the fewest dusty days.
Data analysis a 95% confidence level showed that Zahedan stations with eight days and Golmakan, Zabol, Mirjaveh, Konarak, and Abarkooh stations with seven days had the highest number of dusty days in March 2018 in the eastern regions of Iran.
 
Conclusion
The results reveal that since 1987, the number of dusty days in March starts at 47 and reaches 162 in March 2017. This means that with an average number of dust 58 dusty days, there is a positive deviation of 104 days, which is a very high figure and could indicate the severity of the air pollution crisis in the country's east in the coming years. The intrinsic structure of the data shows that the Sum-metric model can be estimatedonly in March 2018.Out of a total of 57 stations in the study area, 8 stations are in good condition, 28 stations are in normal condition, and 21 stations are in critical condition. Estimations of the probability of occurrence at the level of 95% of the number of dust days show that the lowest number of dust days in the east of the country in March 2018 is related to Kashmar, Birjand, and Boshrayieh stations with four days, while the highest number of days is related to Zahedan station with eight days, and Golmakan, Zabol, Mirjaveh, and Konarak, and Abarkooh stations with seven days the maximum probability of occurrence.