تکتونیک جنبا، انسان، مدنیّت

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکترای ژئومورفولوژی، دانشکده‎ی جغرافیا و برنامه‎ریزی، دانشگاه اصفهان

2 دانشکده‎ی جغرافیا و برنامه‎ریزی، دانشگاه اصفهان

3 گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده‎ی علوم زمین، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران

4 دانشکده‎ی علوم زمین، دانشگاه آریزونا، توسان، ایالات متّحده

چکیده

در بیست‎وپنج سال گذشته فهم ما از مفهوم تکتونیک جنبا بسیار کامل‎تر شده است. همین امر پژوهشگران را با سؤال بسیار مهمّی روبه‎رو کرده است و آن اینکه درکل، تکتونیک فعّال پوسته در مناطق قارّه‎ای چه تأثیری بر جوامع انسانی گذاشته و می‎گذارد. مروری بر آثار منتشره مبین دو دیدگاه غالب در تحلیل میان تکتونیک فعّال با انسان و مدنیّت‎ها است. گروهی همجواری سکونتگاه‎ها با گسل‎های لرزه‎زا را بهانه قرار داده و با تأکید بر فجایع رخ داده در طول تاریخ، تلاش در نشان دادن ویژگی‎های مرگبار این پدیده‎ی طبیعی دارند. گروه دوم به حضور توأم گسل‎ها و آب اشاره داشته و هم‎زمانی خطر ـ حیات را در حواشی گسل‎های فعّال یادآور شده، مجموعه عواملی مستقل از لرزه‎خیزی را مورد توجّه قرار داده‎اند و تکتونیک را عاملی بسیار با اهمّیّت در سیر تکاملی نوع بشر و مدنیّت‎ها دانسته و شکل‎گیری و قوام تمدّن‎های کلان را ناشی از آن دانسته‎اند. این مقاله تلاش دارد تا با مرور بر مهم‎ترین آثار منتشره در این زمینه، به معرّفی و تحلیل دیدگاه‎ها بپردازد. روش به‎کار رفته در این پژوهش کتابخانه‎ای و تحلیل محتوا بوده و نتایج به‎دست‎آمده حاکی از آن است که با در نظر گرفتن عامل زمان، می‎توان فهم بهتری از رویکرد دوم داشت. در این تحلیل ارتباط میان سطوح مختلف بوم‎شناختی با انواع حرکات تکتونیکی مورد توجّه قرار گرفته و همخوانی جالبی میان ساختار سلسله‎مراتبی کمربندهای چین‎خورده با ساختار تمدّن‎های کلان در چهار سطح، مدّنظر قرار گرفته است. بر این اساس کوچک‎ترین اجتماعات انسانی در مقیاس محلّی، در حاشیه‎ی گسل‎های فعّال شکل گرفته‎اند، در عین حال در مقیاسی کلان ، تمدّن‎های جهان باستان در حاشیه‎ی کمربند چین‎خورده و بسیار جنبا (آلپ هیمالیا) در بازه‎ی زمانی ده‎هزار ساله ظهور و افول کرده‎اند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Active Tectonics, Humans, and Civilization

نویسندگان [English]

  • ghasem khosravi 1
  • M.H Ramesht 2
  • Mohammad Reza Sarvati 3
  • E.R Force 4
1
2
3
4
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Growth in our understanding of active tectonics and tectonic geomorphology during the past 25 years has made it clear that tectonic processes happen at a variety of scales relevant to human history. This fact has presented researchers with an important question that what is the impact of active dynamics of earth's crust in continental region on human societies in both our past and future. A review of published studies shows that there are two viewpoints about the relation between active tectonics and humans. Some of the researchers emphasize the dangers of active tectonics for human beings. The other group of researchers believe that tectonic is an important factor in the evolution of humans, civilization, and the formation of ancient complex cultures.

Methodology
The aim of this study is to review the important published articles, and to analyze the corresponding viewpoints. The methodology in this study is analytic.


Results and Discussion
Functional variables
Some of the researchers believe that tectonic activity is a creative agent in human evolution and cultural development. Based on this theory, the functional variables of creative tectonics include: landforms (Bailey et al. 1993, King et al. 2010, Bailey et al. 2010 a,b) – landuse (Baileyet al. 1993, Kinget al. 2010, Baileyet al. 2010 a,b) - topographic barriers (Baileyet al. 2010, Kinget al. 2006) – active tectonic coast line (Inman 1983, Baileyet al. 2010 a,b) – roughness of earth surface (Baileyet al. 2011) – hydrology (Shrifikia 1992, Force 2008, Jackson 2006) – underground dams (Nojavan 2001) – Impact of temporal factors on geomorphic spatial characters (Babajamali 2008) – road and accessibility (Ben avraham 2005, Force and Mcfadgen 2010, Hasanalian 1991) –of chemical anomales in water, soil, rock, and biomass (Trifonovet al. 2005) – culture (Force 2010).

Ecologic influences of tectonism
Active tectonic movements can be divided into two categories: seismic movements and non-seismic movements. Non-seismic movements mainly lead to formation of various landforms, which eventually affects human ecology. Seismic movements affect cultural ecology by rupture in the surface and creation of sedimentary traps.

Hierarchy structures
Hierarchy structure is one of the fundamental characteristics of natural systems. For the first time, Hortton (1945) used hierarchy structure for ordering in the basin. Schumme (1997), Frissell (1986), Klijen (1997), Naiman (1992), and Townsend (1996) used hierarchy structure to describe natural systems. Forces shows that Alp-Himalaya belt matches 13 ancient cultures. Based on this theory, two hierarchy structures can be suggested. One hierarchy system for fault thrust belts, and the other one for human societies. This hierarchy structure that contains four levels shows matching elements in system.

Temporal and spatial scales
Active tectonic emphases on time scale of active tectonic movements. Holocen tectonic movements include the movements between 10000 B.P. and the modern era. So temporal and spatial scale should be denoted before any study, because tectonic has different effects in different temporal scales. Therefore, there is a relationship between temporal and spatial scales of active tectonics and human civilization.

Conclusion
In comparing two different viewpoints, we suggest that each has its own epistemology. In the first viewpoint (tectonic as a destroying agent), the researcher studies the subject in a static state, while in the second viewpoint (tectonic as a creative agent) the subject is studied in a dynamic state considering the time element, i.e. replacing Boolean logic by fuzzy logic. It should also be noted that some of the natural phenomena are best described with Boolean logic and some of them with fuzzy logic. We also see that some of the phenomena are in both states. The Yin-Yang symbol is the best example for this subject. So it can concluded that while tectonic activity is destructive in the static state, it is creative in the dynamic state. In other word, as far as time parameter is concerned, we can have better understanding from constructive tectonic characteristic versus civilization and human societies.
In this case zone with active tectonics, direct or indirect lead to biological optimum conditions. These areas can be the location of the collection of plants, animals and human societies and finally, civilization and cultural have been resulted.
Although we cannot ignore the dangers of earthquake, it is really important to consider the constrictive tectonic aspect for human societies which are superior to its destructive aspect.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • active tectonics
  • Civilization
  • Hierarchy Structures